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How Caesar Won the Great Roman Civil War ?
Caesar's Civil War (49–45 BC) was one of the last politico-military conflicts of the Roman Republic before its reorganization into the Roman Empire. It began as a series of political and military confrontations between Gaius Julius Caesar and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. Prior to the war, Caesar had ledRead more
Caesar’s Civil War (49–45 BC) was one of the last politico-military conflicts of the Roman Republic before its reorganization into the Roman Empire. It began as a series of political and military confrontations between Gaius Julius Caesar and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus.
Prior to the war, Caesar had led an invasion of Gaul for almost ten years.[3] A build-up of tensions starting in late 49 BC, with both Caesar and Pompey refusing to back down led, however, to the outbreak of civil war. Eventually, Pompey and his allies induced the senate to demand Caesar give up his provinces and armies. Caesar refused and instead marched on Rome.
The war was a four-year-long politico-military struggle, fought in Italy, Illyria, Greece, Egypt, Africa, and Hispania.
Pompey defeated Caesar in 48 BC at the Battle of Dyrrhachium, but was himself defeated decisively at the Battle of Pharsalus. Many former Pompeians, including Marcus Junius Brutus and Cicero, surrendered after the battle, while others, eg Cato the Younger and Metellus Scipio fought on.
See lessWhat is the best book to read about George Marshall Jr, aka Gen. Marshall?
General of the Army: George C. Marshall, Soldier and Statesman, by Ed Cray. This book is an outstanding one-volume biography of one of the greatest Americans of the second half of the twentieth century. General of the Army George Catlett Marshall dedicated his long life to serving the country he lovRead more
General of the Army: George C. Marshall, Soldier and Statesman, by Ed Cray. This book is an outstanding one-volume biography of one of the greatest Americans of the second half of the twentieth century. General of the Army George Catlett Marshall dedicated his long life to serving the country he loved, and he served in many positions. First, he was a U.S. Army officer, eventually rising to the position of Army Chief of Staff and the five-star rank of General of the Army during World War II. Later, he served as Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense in the Truman Administration. He was a winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for developing the Marshall Plan for the economic recovery of Europe in the postwar years.
Ed Cray takes readers much further into Marshall’s life than these simple facts. Cray shows us a highly complex man who was outwardly very reserved – Cray likens him to George Washington – and of such high rectitude that when President Roosevelt called him “George” during a meeting, Marshall corrected him: “it is General Marshall, Mr. President.” Few people knew of Marshall’s hot temper, which he found difficult to control in his youth and early military career, but which he eventually mastered. Marshall was unafraid to speak truth to power, as he spoke bluntly with Roosevelt, Truman, and Truman aide Clark Clifford on more than one occasion.
I first read “General of the Army: George C. Marshall, Soldier and Statesman” a few years ago after I discovered a used paperback edition of it in a used bookstore. I’ve always been fascinated by military history, and I knew almost nothing about Marshall except what I read in other World War II histories. Ed Cray does an absolutely masterful job of bringing George C. Marshall to light. Cray’s narrative flows beautifully in elegant prose. This is certainly a very favorable biography, but Cray is unafraid to criticize Marshall and show his faults.
George C. Marshall may not be as well known as other World War II American generals, namely Eisenhower, Patton, and MacArthur. As Cray points out, one reason for this is that Roosevelt felt he needed Marshall to remain as Chief of Staff instead of being appointed the commanding general of Overlord (D-Day). Eisenhower got the D-Day command and eventually served two terms as President of the United States; both Patton and MacArthur saw their careers end on sour notes; and Marshall went on to serve quietly but brilliantly in the Truman Administration, where he made his mark on history with the plan named for him.
“General of the Army: George C. Marshall, Soldier and Statesman” is a magnificent biography of one of the towering figures in American history. Most highly recommended.
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